Problem 1:

First download and install the Siril app.  To do that, visit this website:
        
        https://siril.org/

Next, you need to download a 'fit' format astro image file.   
Each of you will be assigned a different one.
Here's the command to use to download the file named m1.fit...

   If your computer is an Apple Mac, open a Termminal window and type this...

        curl -L https://vanderbei.princeton.edu/FRS_131/python/fits_files/m1.fit -o $HOME/Downloads/m1.fit

   If your computer is an Microsoft Windows, open a Termminal window and type this...

        curl -L https://vanderbei.princeton.edu/FRS_131/python/fits_files/m1.fit -o %USERPROFILE%/Downloads/m1.fit

Here are the assignments...

    Mikias Abebe:         ic5070.fit
    Karil Arnold:         m57.fit
    Nyla Bajaj:           ic434.fit
    Jackson Beasley:      ngc7293.fit
*   Noah Cohen:           m42.fit
    Alex Condrea:         m8.fit
    Salomon Dayan:        ngc1977.fit
    Jay Dewan:            m51.fit
    Daniel Haiduc:        ngc6888.fit
*   Abhilash Patel:       ngc7048.fit
    Ryan Rowe:            m17.fit
    Eddy Ryan:            m13.fit
    Sabir Sobur:          m27.fit
    Arianna Sun:          ngc2238.fit
    Rhianna Zhang:        m16.fit
    Anybody:              m1.fit

Open the Siril app.
In the app, click on the "Open" button at the top left.
Navigate to the Downloads folder where your fit file is and double-click on the fit file.
It will now appear in the app.
Hopefully, it will look nice.

If it doesn't look nice, or if you just want to tinker with things, click on "Image Processing → Stretches → Histogram Transformation" and then play with the three little triangular slider tools at the bottom of the histogram shown in the "Histogram Transformation" window. When you're happy with how it looks, click on "Apply" and then "Close".

To save the image as a JPEG file, click on the down arrow next to the "Save" button on the menu bar at the top of the app.
Navigate to the Downloads folder and use the selector at the right to switch from "FITS Files" to "JPEG Files".
Click "Save" and your image will be saved as a JPEG file in the Downloads folder.

Submit the JPEG file as your answer to this problem.

Problem 2:

Astronomers estimate that there are at least 100 billion (100,000,000,000) galaxies in the visible universe.
And, while they are distributed randomly, they are not clustered more in some direction and less in other directions.  
Rather, there are about the same number no matter which way we look in the sky.
So, let's consider a typical picture one might take through a telescope.
It is fairly common for the rectangular shape of such a picture to be span about 1/2 degree (30 arcmin) on the long side and 1/3 (20 arcmin) degree on the short side.
If the entire night sky has 100 billion galaxies, how many would you expect there to be in a single picture taken through a telescope as described above?